In summary, interspecific competition reduced both species’ developmental time, adult dry weight, and survivorship, and the results of the two-way ANOVA showed significant interactions between the competition and density factors for both C. megacephala (F = 12.70; df = 5; P < 0.01) and C. rufifacies (F = 10.196; df = 5; P < 0.01). Biological factors, especially the behavioral factors of competition and predation, have nevertheless seldom been thoroughly discussed in previous studies. In some areas, C. megacephala … Chrysomya megacephala larvae feeding favourably influences manure microbiome, heavy metal stability and greenhouse gas emissions Xiaoyun Wang,1 Wanqiang Wang,1 Qiao Gao,1 Xiaoping Wang,2 Chaoliang Lei1,2 and Fen Zhu1,* 1Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion by Insects, Traditionally, we use a maggot’s age to approach the PMI, and a maggot’s age is usually determined by its species, instar, length, and thermal history (Greenberg and Kunich 2002). The oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), is a medically and forensically important blow fly species as its habit and breeding places are within or near to human settlements. D. Do not underestimate the effects of temperature, different larval stages, and competition intensity on larval development. Ten conspecific larvae of same stage (18 [first instar], 36 [second instar[rsqb, and 70 h old [third instar]) were washed with distilled water and placed in the middle of the plastic cup. The objectives of this study were to provide more detailed larval developmental and behavior data under intra- and interspecific competition and different temperature effects and to try to determine factors affecting competition when using these developmental data to estimate the PMI. The "bath" was to try to remove any "odor" of the larvae in advance. When comparing our experimental results with those of Goodbrod and Goff (1990), we found that different experimental designs may have caused the different results. In this study, these two species were colonized in the laboratory, and the main objective was to try to understand the effect of competition on larval development. Larva C. megacephala dipindahkan ke dalam bekas khas, kemudiannya dimasukkan ke dalam pengeram yang telah dilaraskan suhunya kepada 27, 30, 33, 36 dan 39°C. These Old World blowflies of Chrysomya were also introduced to the Americas in the mid-1970s and quickly became widespread and abundant in North and South America (Baumgartner and Greenberg 1984). According to our results, intraspecific competition mostly occurred as competition for food; when the rearing density was increased, larvae pupated earlier, resulting in a lighter adult dry weight. Because postfeeding larvae of C. rufifacies are inactive and usually postpone pupation because of being stuck in the media, some openings were cut in the plastic cups so that mature larvae could move outside to facilitate pupation. To further understand the cross-effects of competition and temperature on larval development, five different temperature treatments (16, 23, 28, 33, and 38°C; the actual measured temperature in the growth chamber during experiments were 16.0 ± 0.2, 23.0 ± 0.1, 27.8 ± 0.2, 33.1 ± 0.4, and 38.0 ± 0.1°C, respectively) were carried out under an equal species ratio (20:20) and fixed rearing densities (40 larvae/60 g of medium). X. H. This means that interactions caused by these two coexisting primary fly species, such as competition and predation, may frequently play important roles in the successional dynamics of this early carrion faunal assemblage. Observations also showed that a single C. rufifacies larva could solely and successfully complete predation of a third-instar larva of C. megacephala; but more frequently, several larvae worked together until all the body fluid of the prey had been sucked out (Fig. The larval morphology of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) is presented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fly larvae have been successfully used to reduce mass of animal manure and yield biofertilizer and nutrient-rich larval products [2, 3]. . They pointed out that the response of Hemipyrellia ligurriens to larval competition was clearly of the second type. Hung Myiasis due to blow fly larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are commonly recorded. The larva stage includes a first, second, and third instar, or growth period within the larva stage. It is known to occupy areas of Central America, Japan, and India. This shortened the overall larval developmental time by ≈6.6 h for C. rufifacies. For adult dry weight, both species had the lightest weight at a density of 320 larvae/60 g and significantly differed from those at other density conditions (P > 0.05). Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies are two predominant necrophagous species in Taiwan. Goodbrod and Goff (1990) used a 5-liter container as their experimental arena, but we used a 250-ml plastic cup with some openings cut in the sides and an outside container that allowed the C. megacephala larvae to escape predation. Because the rise in temperature caused by the feeding maggot mass might be obvious, we decided to select a condition of 40 larvae/60 g medium as our experimental condition, which provided sufficient food resources for larvae, and the feeding maggot mass caused only about a 1°C rise above the ambient temperature in our experiments. The substrate of carrion is ephemeral, and flies that feed on it rarely complete more than one generation on a single carrion item (Beaver 1977); so the number of eggs or larvae in carrion frequently exceeds its carrying capacity (Kneidel 1984). Laboratory colonies of larvae of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies used in this study were originally collected from the Taipei area and initiated in 2000. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from CMLO was 87.71%. However, a linear regression of developmental rate versus competition intensities showed opposite results. There was a similar relationship between wing and tibia size and fecundity. The survivorship of C. megacephala turned out to be higher than C. rufifacies when the density exceeded 600 larvae/60 g (Fig. S. As the competition intensity increased, the adult dry weight of C. megacephala significantly decreased (r = -0.7340, P < 0.0001), but the adult dry weight of C. rufifacies was not significantly affected (r = -0.1628, P = 0.427). Nevertheless, C. megacephala had relatively stable survivorship under interspecific competition. Temperature, larval stage, and competition intensity are three newly proposed factors that have not been discussed in previous studies on interspecific competition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.068. The results were analyzed by χ2 test with Yate’s correction for continuity. Temperature is one of the key factors affecting larval development. W.A.C. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. . Godoy Larval developmental time and adult dry weight were recorded for each treatment. Zuben von Figure 6 shows that the larval developmental duration of C. megacephala did not change with different competition intensities (r = -0.0472, P = 0.819) but was significantly reduced in C. rufifacies when the intensity increased (r = -0.5999, P < 0.0001). . Nonetheless, it is still quite difficult to tell into which model these two species should be classified. Omori Our results indicated that the factor of competition intensity works differently on these two species. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Interspecific competition affected larval development differently at different larval stages. Effects of different breeding densities on the duration of larval development (A), adult dry weight (B), and larval survivorship (C) of C. rufifacies under single- and mixed-species rearing at 28°C. Godoy The overall larval developmental time was shortened by ≈6.9 h for C. megacephala. However, C. rufifacies tended to maintain larger adult body sizes (dry weight was ≈28.6% of the potential maximum value) and thus reduced its larval survivorship. 3). 4). Chen Diet for Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae Abstract. Effects of single- and mixed-species rearing on the developmental times of first-, second-, and third-instar larvae (including the feeding and postfeeding stages) of C. megacephala (A) and C. rufifacies (B) at 28°C (**P < 0.01). Credit: Mr. P. Ramaraj. Cephaloskeleton present in anterior end; dorsal cornu longer than ventral cornua; accessory sclerite, parastomal sclerite present; anterodorsal process apparent (Fig. . Trinca Although the mechanism of how the competition intensity really works on these two species is still unknown, we found that the effect was actually profound and should not be overlooked in evaluating larval developmental condition. Shiuh-Feng Shiao, Ta-Chuan Yeh, Larval Competition of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae): Behavior and Ecological Studies of Two Blow Fly Species of Forensic Significance , Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 45, Issue 4, 1 July 2008, Pages 785–799, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/45.4.785. Population numbers as well as body size are greatly influenced by temperature. S. . Finally, the aggregation and coexistence is long been considered an important factor in carrion fly competition. Larvae development was estimated by means of weight and length, time of adult emergence and survival rate. The mixture of the artificial diet and larval products (fecal material) was collected to test its effects on the movement orientation of larvae of both species. Effects of different breeding densities on the duration of larval development (A), adult dry weight (B), and larval survivorship (C) of C. megacephala under single- and mixed-species rearing at 28°C. (Fig. Olson Tel. Pork liver was used to induce females to lay eggs. Sci. They also believed that the movement of numerous mouthhooks combined with the secretions of larval salivary and proteolytic enzymes increase the efficiency of the feeding process and the rate of larval development. Philos. Following the experimental design of Faria et al. However, in actual applications, data on the initial population or species composition and proportion on a carcass are difficult to acquire, thus making this correction hard to apply in most real cases. ► Utilization of garbage reduces pollution and makes economic recycle possible. C. The higher fitness of C. rufifacies under competition? However, there are concerns for the safety of the composting system, that is risk of diseases spread by way of manure pathogens, residue of harmful metals and emission of greenhouse gases. The results also showed that larvae of C. megacephala are less temperature sensitive under interspecific competition than are those of C. rufifacies (Tables 1 and 2). Linear regressions of the adult dry weights of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies against the intensities of interspecific competition are presented in Fig. W.A.C. Whether the ecological role of C. rufifacies can be altered by different climates or geographic environments is still unknown; but in Taiwan (Chen et al. Similar results were also found for adult dry weight (Fig. Wells and Kurahashi (1997) proposed an interesting hypothesis; they believed that C. megacephala, historically sympatric with C. rufifacies, is relatively resistant to predation by C. rufifacies, which can provide it with a competitive advantage over the more vulnerable Cochliomyia macellaria when larvae of all three occur together. 2006) and Thailand (Sukontason et al. K. (B) Several larvae usually work together until all of the body fluid of the prey has been sucked out. Some previous studies reported that the facultative characteristics of C. rufifacies can help it survive under critical conditions of food shortage and probably have higher fitness under competitive stress (Goodbrod and Goff 1990, Wells and Greenberg 1992c, Baumgartner 1993). Except at 16°C, interspecific competition caused significant reductions in both the larval developmental duration and adult dry weight at different temperatures (Table 1). Four factors were subsequently considered to optimize the transesterification of CMLO to biodiesel. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2B). Although C. rufifacies could use the food resource of cannibalism, its survivorship was still low. Emergent adults were undersized (the adult dry weight was only 10.4% of the potential maximum value) and had reduced fecundity and longevity. As Ullyett (1950) mentioned, a fly of smaller growth weight required a smaller quantity of food for full development; its more rapid and earlier development on carrion has a distinct advantage over other species in the acquisition of food. is more resistant to attack by, Estimating the postmortem interval, pp. incisuralis and Ch. This work was supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China (NSC95-2422-H-002-028 and NSC 96-3113-H-002-015) and the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Republic of China (IFM90-M04 and IFM91-M02). Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) fly (Oriental latrines fly) is a common complete metamorphosis insect, which belongs to Chrysomya genus, Calliphoridae family, Dipteral order; It famous for used as a death investigator in forensic entomology and as a economic insect pollinator in orchards , ; In China, C. megacephala (Fabricius) larvae (CML) are been used as traditional Chinese medicine … Results showed the effect of C. megacephala on C. rufifacies and the effect of C. rufifacies on C. megacephala have no significant difference (t = 0.3169; P = 0.38); it implies that the competitive superiority of one species over another could not be well established. Larvae of the latter can prey on other maggots, including that … : +86 20 84113618; fax: +86 20 84112005. . To evaluate the effect of the intensity of interspecific competition, 40 larvae consisting of the two different species were kept in a 250-ml plastic cup with 60 g of artificial diet and different species ratios of 10: 30, 20: 20, and 30: 10 were used; eight replications for this experiment were performed. Larvae of both species from those single-species cultures were reared at the respective densities of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 600, 1,000, and 1,200 per 60 g artificial diet in plastic cups (<2-h-old newly hatched larvae were used, manually counted, and placed onto the artificial diet; five replications were performed for each density treatment). The durations of larval stages of these two species could be decreased by ≈54 h when a single species was reared alone and food was limited; the largest reduction in larval duration, ≈25 h in C. megacephala and 34 h in C. rufifacies, caused by interspecific competition was under a high larval density. Narongchai Effects of single- or mixed-species rearing on the body lengths of first-, second-, and third-instar larvae of C. megacephala (A) and C. rufifacies (B) at 28°C. Hu ► Chrysomya megacephala larvae oil as a new resource transforming to biodiesel. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Larva: Fully mature third instar muscoid-shaped (11 mm length), composed of 12 segments with pointed anterior and blunt posterior end (Fig. latifrons). In conclusion, competition decreased the larval duration of these two species by up to 2 d; this also draws attention to justifying the postmortem interval estimation of using larval developmental data when larval competition exists. Account, or purchase an annual subscription ) from CMLO was 87.71 % first, second and... In previous studies a linear regression of developmental rate versus competition intensities opposite! 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