Influenza is endemic in the equine population of the United States and throughout much of the world, with the notable exceptions of New Zealand, Australia, and Iceland. In this case the alternate use of Equilis® Prequenza TE or Equilis® Prequenza is recommended. Outbreaks have occurred worldwide in the past decade. Emergency vaccinationThe vaccine can be used together with tetanus antiserum for the treatment of injured horses that have not been immunised against tetanus. Protection against Equine influenza Natural or experimental infection with EIV induces protection against re-infection with a homologous Nationally, the Influenza Program provides technical expertise and financial resources to support national respiratory surveillance, pandemic preparedness, applied research, and implementation of influenza vaccine policy in South Africa. Pandemrix is an influenza vaccine for influenza pandemics, such as the 2009 flu pandemic.The vaccine was developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and patented in September 2006.. Researchers investigated. Outbreaks of the disease are occurring with increased frequency worldwide despite the widespread use of vaccines. Introduction Despite the widespread use of inactivated equine influenza vaccine since the 1960s, the incidence of disease attributable to equine-2 influenza A virus (H3N8) has increased (4). Learn about our remote access options, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU. Outbreaks of the disease are occurring with increased frequency worldwide despite the widespread use of vaccines. A/equine-2/ Newmarket/2/93: 50 AU. Equilis ® Prequenza is a vaccine suspension containing per 1 mℓ: A/equine-2/ South Africa/4/03 : 50 AU* A/equine-2/ Newmarket/2/93 : 50 AU; Purified saponin (adjuvant) : 375 µg * Antigenic units . 1. ... by influenza A/equi-2/Ohio/2003 or A/equi-2/South Africa/4/2003. Historically, EIV outbreaks have caused high levels of equine illness and economic damage. The highly contagious nature of equine influenza means that it has the potential to seriously compromise international movement of horses. South Africa has secured 20 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech coronavirus vaccine, the health minister told a Sunday newspaper. Ely, Cambridgeshire, In some cases fever may occur after vaccination. Not all equine influenza vaccines are the same. Since the previous meeting of the Expert Surveillance Panel in March 2018, outbreaks of equine influenza have been reported in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America.. Sources of equine influenza viruses characterised. The report on Equine Influenza Vaccine Market provides qualitative as well as quantitative analysis in terms of market dynamics, competition scenarios, opportunity analysis, market growth, etc. Equine influenza is a common respiratory infection of horses caused by an orthomyxovirus of the genus influenza A. The OIE now considers H7N7 strains likely to be extinct since these strains have not been isolated for over 20 years. Does that mean horses need boosters when receiving a different EIV vaccine than they’ve gotten in the past? Background Equine influenza, caused by the orthomyxovirus equine influenza A type 2 H3N8 subtype, is one of the most common infectious diseases of the respiratory tract of horses. Outbreaks of illness have been reported in Australia or New Zealand. Introduction. VACCINATION SCHEDULE Influenza Basic vaccination courseAll horses not previously vaccinated should receive 2 vaccinations with a 4-week interval. The OIE also convenes an Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine that examines the strains of virus in circulation making recommendations on which strains should be included in the vaccines. Equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly-spreading outbreaks of respiratory disease in susceptible populations of horses. … Annual vaccines should contain 15μg of each haemagglutinin antigen in each 0.5ml dose. Indicated for the active immunisation of healthy horses and ponies against influenza and tetanus. The vaccine was one of the H1N1 vaccines approved for use by the European Commission in September 2009, upon the recommendations of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA). It is also indicated for the active immunisation against tetanus to prevent disease and mortality. South Africa does not have the ability to produce influenza vaccines, that we would be reliant on vaccine stocks from developed countries, and that these might be slow in coming. PREGNANCY AND LACTATIONCan be used in pregnant mares, but handling of such animals, particularly in the later stage of pregnancy, is not without risk and care should be taken to avoid stress. Collaborative study for the establishment of a candidate equine influenza subtype 2 American-like strain A/EQ/South Africa/4/03 - horse antiserum biological reference preparation. Do not store partially used containers for future use and use the entire contents when opened. Introduction. Vaccinations are an important part of preventative health planning, with appropriate vaccination helping to protect your horse from a number of important, sometimes life-threatening diseases. Vaccinated ponies developed elevated levels of EIV-specific SRH antibody and increased percentage of EIV-specific IFNgamma(+) PBL, whereas these responses were only detected after challenge infection in unvaccinated control ponies. Learn more. In the study, which is yet to be peer reviewed, blood samples were taken from 20 people who received the Pfizer vaccine. Influenza A viruses can be divided into sub-types on the basis of the antigenic reactivity of the surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (H1–H16) and neuraminidase (N1–N9) molecules (Fouchier et al., 2005). However, once more serious causes of respiratory infection have been eliminated, diagnosis of influenza in unvaccinated horses is usually made on the basis of history and the clinical symptom of the characteristic dry cough. In these countries most outbreaks are minor and sporadic, because of the high level of vaccination. The outcome of challenge in vaccinated ponies was compared with that in unvaccinated animals. It is estimated that one infected horse can easily infect ten in-contact horses causing the rapid spread of the disease. If this is suspected, seek veterinary advice and notify the registration holder. RevaccinationThe first revaccination (third dose) is given 5 months after the basic vaccination course. G3774 (Act 36/1947)Namibia Reg.No. A major potential problem with inactivated vaccines is their inability to provide a protective immune response for foals with maternally derived antibodies. Equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly-spreading outbreaks of respiratory disease in susceptible populations of horses. is clean and sterile prior to and during use. The second dose can be administered 4 weeks later as described above. Equine influenza was first discovered in 1963 and since then has become endemic in many countries. Emergency management - Equine influenza virus - Horses - Influenza - South Africa. Methods: The vaccine efficacy was evaluated by challenge infection with influenza strain A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) 2 weeks after a primary course of 2 vaccinations with Duvaxyn IE‐T Plus given at a 4‐week interval. The risk for EIV infection is not limited to equids; dogs, cats, and humans are susceptible. Research released on January 8 showed the Pfizer vaccine protects against new strains of the virus detected in both the UK and South Africa. The recommendation concerning the … … Equine influenza (horse flu) is the disease caused by strains of influenza A that are enzootic in horse species. An extensive outbreak of equine influenza in South America during 2012 was caused by a virus belonging to Florida clade 1, closely related to strains circulating in the USA in 2011. Antigenic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) with ferret antisera and monoclonal antibodies showed that the Eq/Johannesburg/86 virus is similar to recent equine H3 viruses. 1 The mortality rate associated with EI is very low, unless disease is exacerbated by secondary bacterial infection or continued work of the horse. The question of whether the immune system of populations living in tropical African environments would react similarly to a vaccine developed mainly for populations restricted to certain geographical areas of the world needs to be considered. Equine Herpesvirus is also known as equine viral rhinopneumonitis. In 1986, South Africa experienced its first influenza epidemic. Introduction Equine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses and other equidae, including donkeys and ponies. Purified haemagglutinin/neuraminidase subunits from equine influenza viruses: Avoid prolonged or repetitive exposure to high ambient temperatures following withdrawal from the refrigerator prior to use. ProteqFlu-Te is a vaccine intended to protect against equine influenza and tetanus. Equine Influenza. Working off-campus? EI is endemic in Europe (except Iceland) and in North and South America. Equine Influenza Vaccination . The Influenza Program in South Africa started in 2007 and has both a national and regional focus. Global Equine Influenza Vaccine Market is estimated to be valued US$ XX.X million in 2019. South Africa said it has received an inadequate amount of flu vaccine, compounding the problems the country faces in fighting the spread of the coronavirus, which has some similar symptoms. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. A severe influenza outbreak occurred in horses in South Africa in 1986. Objective: To assess the ability of Duvaxyn IE‐T Plus to provide cross protection against the newly evolved South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain of equine influenza virus. Effective vaccination needs regular update of influenza vaccine strains. Equine-2 influenza has become enzootic among equine 31 Market Street, Fordham, Do not freeze. Equine influenza (EI) caused by equine influenza virus (EIV), an Orthomyxovirus, is usually a self‐limiting disease characterised by pyrexia, coughing and nasal discharge. Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of equids considered to be of potentially major economic significance to the equine industry worldwide (Cullinane and Newton, 2013; Singh et al., 2018).Specifically, two influenza subtypes, H7N7 and H3N8, with avian influenza ancestry, are known to infect horses. The vaccine formulation for the 2019 influenza season contains an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, an A/Switzerland/8060/2017 (H3N2)-like virus, and a B/ Colorado/06/2017-like virus … Conclusion: Two doses of Duvaxyn IE‐T Plus provides good clinical and virological protection against challenge with a variant virus 2 weeks after the 2 doses of vaccine. Equine influenza is spread by inhalation. Influenza Vaccine. Other factors may have contributed to the rapid spread of this … There is no evidence that equine … The vaccine is only approved for use … Equine influenza vaccine containing older H3N8 strains offers protection against A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain in a short‐term vaccine efficacy study J. M. DALY Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU Conclusions: An extensive outbreak of equine influenza in South America during 2012 was caused by a virus belonging to Florida clade 1, closely related to strainscirculating in the USA in 2011. Equine influenza A (H3N8) viruses were isolated and/or characterised from outbreaks in the People’s Republic … Daly J M, Sindle T, Tearle J, Barquero N, Newton J R & Corning S (2007) Equine influenza vaccine containing older H3N8 strains offers protection against A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain in a short-term vaccine efficacy study. Influenza is one of the most common respiratory diseases in the equine. We estimated that the direct impact of vaccination could avert more than 390 prescriptions per 100 000 population per year if a 50% efficacious influenza vaccine at 30% coverage was introduced to adults >65 years old in South Africa or children 2–5 years old in Senegal. There is no information on influenza vaccine efficacy in tropical Africa. potency test. Dispose of any unused vaccine as well as all empty vaccine containers and vaccination equipment according to local waste disposal regulations. Tetanus toxoid: 40 Lf**. Vaccines protecting against diseases such as equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus (EHV-1/4, rhinopneumonitis), equine viral arteritis … Equilis Prequenza is a vaccine for use in horses. Vet Rec 167 (10), 382-383 PubMed . No. Fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza H3N8 in Nigeria, 2019: The first introduction of Florida clade 1 to West Africa Author links open overlay panel Ismaila Shittu a Clement A. Meseko a Lanre P. Sulaiman a Bitrus Inuwa a Mohammad Mustapha b Pakachi S. Zakariya c Aliyu A. Muhammad d Umar Muhammad e Yakubu J. Atuman f Israel J. Barde g Bianca Zecchin h Erika G. Quaranta h David … Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. SIR,— During 2007, major outbreaks of equine influenza occurred in Asia and Australia, affecting more than 100,000 horses. Background Equine influenza, caused by the orthomyxovirus equine influenza A type 2 H3N8 subtype, is one of the most common infectious diseases of the respiratory tract of horses. Equine influenza symptoms are also seen in other respiratory diseases, including Strangles, equine herpesvirus-1 and -4, streptococcus infection and bacterial pneumonia. There are numerous strains of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV) that are passed between … The influenza vaccine that is licensed for use in South Africa covers three of the common influenza strains (influenza A(H3N2), influenza B and influenza A(H1N1)pdm 09). Assessing the ability of current equine influenza vaccines to provide cross-protection against emerging strains is important. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, The 2019 South African influenza season, which started towards the end of April, is ongoing. Several formulations of seasonal influenza vaccine are available and licensed for use in South Africa. Equine influenza (EI) virus or ‘Equine Flu’ is a highly contagious viral pathogen causing respiratory disease and is considered endemic in Europe and North America. Store in the dark between 2 °C and 8 °C. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN, UNINFORMED PERSONS AND ANIMALS. The revaccination with Equilis® Prequenza TE or Equilis® Prequenza results in immunity to equine influenza for at least 12 months.The second revaccination is given 12 months after the first revaccination.The alternate use, at 12 months interval, of Equilis® Prequenza is recommended to maintain immunity levels for the influenza component. Transmission of influenza measured using the Viral Watch programme and impact measured using the pneumonia surveillance programme have both reached high levels. Consult a physician immediately and show this package insert to the physician. The vaccine was one of the H1N1 vaccines approved for use by the European Commission in September 2009, upon the recommendations of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA). In these countries most outbreaks are minor and sporadic, because of the high level of vaccination. Mulberry House, Influenza It is recommended that a single booster dose should only be administered to horses that have already received a primary vaccination course using vaccines that contain the same types of equine influenza virus included in this vaccine. Since the early 2000s, the vast majority of viruses isolated have belonged to the Florida sublineage of the American lineage. In the past 20 years serious outbreaks have occurred in a number of countries (including Australia in 2007), associated with importations of subclinically infecte… Because influenza viruses are constantly changing and immunity from vaccine lasts for about a year, it is necessary to get vaccinated each year before the influenza season. The virus was introduced following the importation of six horses from the United States of America. The vaccine is only approved for use … Equine influenza continues to be a worldwide problem, causing outbreaks even in vaccinated equine populations. Outbreaks have occurred worldwide in the past decade. Equine influenza is a highly infectious disease of horses with symptoms including high fever, ... “In South Africa, we vaccinate utilising vaccines that mostly contain these above-mentioned strains. The causative agent was identified as an influenza virus [A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8)]. Horses not vaccinated previously and seronegative for equine influenza based on haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay were assigned at random to vaccinated (n=7) or non-vaccinated (control, n=5) groups. DIRECTIONS FOR USE – USE ONLY AS DIRECTED.Shake well before use.Intramuscular injection of 1 dose (1 mℓ) per animal. CB7 5LQ Accidental self-injection may lead to a severe local allergic reaction. Strains are named after the location and the year in which they were first discovered, e.g. It is a liquid vaccine (suspension for injection) containing containing 2 recombinant canarypox viruses expressing the haemagglutinin HA gene from the equine influenza virus strains A/equi-2/Ohio/03 (USA Local RegulationsAlthough Equilis® Prequenza TE or Equilis® Prequenza results in immunity for 12 months, local Jockey Club and Horse Society regulations should be adhered to. It contains inactivated (killed) whole virus of two equine influenza (flu) strains (‘A/equine-2/South Africa/4/03’ and ‘A/equine-2/Newmarket/2/93’). The highly contagious nature of equine influenza means that it has the potential to seriously compromise international movement of horses. Equilis® Prequenza TE is a vaccine suspension containing per 1 mℓ: Purified haemagglutinin/neuraminidase subunits from equine influenza viruses: A/equine-2/ South Africa/4/03: 50 AU*. The infection causes an elevated temperature and coughing which is an easy method of spread from one horse to another. After challenge infection, there were statistically significantly decreased clinical scores and virus shedding was significantly lower in the vaccinated ponies compared to unvaccinated controls. Despite reports of vaccine breakdown with products containing the recommended strain South Africa/03, no evidence was found of significant antigenic drift. When a third injection with a vaccine containing tetanus is given at 5 months after basic vaccination, the next tetanus vaccination can be administered after 24 months. The antisera reference standard (reference EU SA/4/03 Y0000712) against A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) from the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare (EDQM) was used on each plate as a control. These often recommend a 6-month vaccine interval. A transient swelling may occur after vaccination regressing within 2 days. Influenza Vaccine. Despite reports of vaccine breakdown with products containing the recommended strain South Africa/03, no evidence was found of significant antigenic drift. Equine influenza occurs globally, previously caused by two main strains of virus: equine-1 and equine-2 . RevaccinationThe first revaccination for tetanus can be given 17 months after the basic vaccination course. Although this vaccine has been extensively tested under a large variety of conditions, failure thereof may ensue as a result of a wide range of reasons. Read "Equine influenza vaccine containing older H3N8 strains offers protection against A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain in a short‐term vaccine efficacy study, Equine Veterinary Journal" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. EQUILIS® PREQUENZA TEReg. Pandemrix is an influenza vaccine for influenza pandemics, such as the 2009 flu pandemic.The vaccine was developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and patented in September 2006.. Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease of horses. There is no information on influenza vaccine efficacy in tropical Africa. Since the previous meeting of the Expert Surveillance Panel in April 2019, outbreaks of equine influenza have been reported in Africa, North America, Asia and Europe.. Sources of equine influenza viruses characterised. Keep the vial in the outer carton, in order to protect from light. The protective efficacy of this ISCOM-based vaccine against challenge infection with a recent equine influenza (H3N8; A/eq/South Africa/4/03) strain was also evaluated. Wei G et al (2010) Equine influenza viruses isolated during outbreaks in China in 2007 and 2008. Vaccinated ponies developed elevated levels of EIV-specific SRH antibody and increased percentage of EIV-specific IFNgamma(+) PBL, whereas these responses were only detected after challenge infection in unvaccinated control ponies. COMPOSITIONEquilis® Prequenza TE is a vaccine suspension containing per 1 mℓ: Tetanus toxoid                                 : 40 Lf**, Purified saponin (adjuvant)         : 375 µg, **  Flocculation equivalents; corresponds with ≥ 30 IU/mℓ guinea pig serum in the Ph.Eur. Conclusions and recommendations Influenza activity – 2018/19. It reduces the severity and duration of clinical signs and reduces the amount and duration of viral shedding after infection. Equine influenza A (H3N8) viruses were isolated and/or characterised from outbreaks … and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. STORAGE. Equine influenza vaccine containing older H3N8 strains offers protection against A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain in a short-term vaccine efficacy study. Observe aseptic conditions. Tetanus Basic vaccination courseAll horses not previously vaccinated should receive 2 vaccinations of 1 dose with a 4-week interval. Email: info@beva.org.uk. Equine-2 influenza A virus (H3N8) infection first occurred among naïve horses in South Africa in December 1986. Fort Dodge Animal Health, Flanders Road, Hedge End, Southampton SO30 4QH, UK. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Results: At the time of challenge, all vaccinated ponies had high levels of antibody to Newmarket/1/93, Newmarket/2/93 and South Africa/4/03 strains measured by single radial haemolysis. In fact, the spread of […] Potential relevance: When variant strains of equine influenza virus first emerge, booster immunisations with currently available vaccines may limit infection provided sufficiently high antibody levels are achieved, suggesting that vaccination in the face of an outbreak may be beneficial. The question of whether the immune system of populations living in tropical African environments would react similarly to a vaccine developed mainly for populations restricted to certain geographical areas of the world needs to be considered. It is good vaccination practice when handling the vaccine to avoid contact with the eyes, hands and clothing. The basic vaccination course results in immunity to tetanus for at least 17 months. 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