But once he became sultan, he started taking actions to eliminate problems. He was undoubtedly one of the main architects of the Delhi Sultanate. This impressed Mongol and they prudently never attacked Delhi while Balban was alive. He cleared forrest and build roads for easier movement of his army. If they failed to perform, Balban will get perfect excuse to execute them. Gradually new class of Turkish Nobles replaced old and powerful Turkish Nobles. He was also the founder of the Slave Dynasty. Haibat Khan felt so much ashamed that he never came out of his palace till his death. “Anxious to secure his personal and family interests, he completely ignored the interests of the Turkish governing class. More We Look in Past Further We Can See Future. The ruler was the representative god and was endowed with Farr, thus he was to be obeyed and respected due to divine origin of kingship. Balban was heart broken with death of his son and died within a year in 1287 at ripe old of eighty years. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. He treated the great Turkish nobles as his equals and professed his shyness to sit on the throne… The new Turkish Nobles were more loyal to Balban. The main reason for this positive change was not Mahmud himself but another noble of Turkish descent, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban. Delhi sultanate, principal Muslim power in north India from the 13th to the 16th century, enabled by the campaigns of the Ghurid dynasty and made independent by Iltutmish. Nizami has expressed that it was necessary for restoring not only the dignity of the Sultan and eradicating the possibility of conflict with the nobility but also the result of an inferiority complex and guilty conscience. Professor Habibullah has praised the sense of justice of Balban very much. It was the first revolt of a slave-noble and had it been allowed to succeed, it would have damaged the entire structure of awe and fear created by Balban. Answer: Iitutmish averted the impending danger by refusing to provide shelter to Khwarezm Shah Jalaluddin, the enemy of Chengizkhan, and saved Delhi Sultanate from the attack of Mongols. The sultan forgave him. The Suppression of Revolts. The Destruction of ‘The Forty’: Even when Balban worked as the Naib of Sultan Nasir-ud-din, … Mongol choose this time launch a massive attack on Punjab. During the reign of IItutmish, the position of the sultan was not considered much higher than that of an exalted noble. However, he could not fully safeguard India from the Mongol invasions. Your email address will not be published. Raihan and Kishlu khan thought that Balban will revolt but he did revolt but manage his province with great efficiency. Disclaimer Copyright, History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History, The Role of Nobility in the Politics of Delhi Sultanate, The Policy of “Blood and Iron” Followed by Balban, Successors of Balban | Delhi Sultanate | History, Administration of India under the Delhi Sultanate | History, The Economy of Britain (1868-1885) | Term Paper | History, Forts in India: 5 Magnificent Ancient Forts in India, Mosques in India: 15 Ancient Mosques in India. He initiated the ‘Iqta system’ in which lands were granted to nobles and his officers instead of salary. Every spy had direct access to the Sultan though none met him in the court. He consolidated the Ghurid acquisitions in India into a well-knit and compact state, the Sultanate of Delhi. There were four types of courts in the Delhi Sultanate.1. When Balban became Wazir, Sultan was held in contempt. So, he decided to be on defensive against Mongols. He also develop diplomatic relations with Mongol and invited Mongol diplomat to visit Delhi. The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Perisan. Sometimes Balban wins campaign, sometimes it ends in stalemate but whatever the outcome, each campaign increased the confidence of people in Sultan. He posted most of them to North western part of Sultanate. A portion of this army was made up of commandos. Bughra Khan, second son of Balban, was given command of second line of defence. They also made a attempt to kill Balban but failed. Bughra Khan, second son Balban was appointed governor of Bengal but sultan warned him that he will get similar treatment if he ever revolted against sultan. Balban, primarily, emphasized two points regarding the theory of kingship. Balban under rulership of Razia sultan and Behram Shah became powerful Turkish nobles. In 1285, Timur Khan, leader of Mongols launched massive attack to conquer Punjab. He increased his power by promoting his family members to important position. It was administrated by the force of fear. Balban took immediate measures to provide security to the city of Delhi. Iltutmish, his son-in-law and successor, completed the tower. He des­troyed the, Hindu rebels and dacoits of Mewat, Doab, Katehar and Punjab and saved Delhi Sultanate from powerful Mongol invaders. He enhanced the power of the monarchy. He increased the number of officers and soldiers of his army, paid them good salaries and took personal interest in their training. Balban attacked Khokhar and laid waste salt range. What measures were taken by Balban to consolidate his empire? Balban created an awe and respect in the minds of the people. He married his daughter to next sultan Masud Shah and after his murder key noble to install Nasiruddin to the throne. The Destruction of ‘The Forty’ 3. Balban started to enforced the rule sultan throughout his domain. He refused to follow the order. Imaduddin Raihan, caretaker of royal household also hates Balban. Balban maintain an effective spy network to keep an eye on his governor. Another member of ‘the forty’ and cousin of Balban, Sher Khan was poisoned as Balban became jealous of his ability and suspicious of his ambition. He came to power after the death of Nasir-ud-din in AD 1266. Balban preparation was very defensive in nature and he didn’t take active steps to remove Mongol completely from Punjab. He ordered his soldiers to slay the entire male population, burn their fields and villages and take women and children to slavery. The next two succeeding expeditions, also met with a similar fate. Balban did not attempt to centralize the army. Balban executed Amin khan for his defeat. Imaduddin Raihan failed to run his government efficiently and soon lost confidence of sultan and other Turkish nobles. They start finding fault in each other preparation. Balban wanted to impress upon his nobles that he got the throne because of Divine will and not by the poisoned cup or the assassin’s dagger. By the time Balban ascended the throne, most of these nobles had either died by themselves or were destroyed by Balban. Balban either dismissed or killed Nobles who were defeated by Mongols. The Powerful Rajput state still control important city of Central India previously conquered by Turks. The Suppression of Revolts 6. Balban himself kept control over the entire administration. All his officers were supposed to perform both administrative and military duties. As a Wazir, Balban made repeated attempts to conquer these cities. The forests around Delhi were cleared, four forts were built on the four corners of Delhi and ferocious Afghan troops were placed in them. He took the control of army from Wazir and created a separate position of army minister. Balban was all powerful in the administration but he had to face the intrigues of his rivals in the royal court. Next he moved his army to salt range and crushed Khokhar tribe. Nobody could smile or laugh in the court. They collectively were greatest threat to his rule. He ordered to confiscate all such lands and jagirs to the state and arranged cash pensions for them. Even when Balban worked as the Naib of Sultan Nasir-ud-din, he tried to break up the power of the group of ‘the forty’ (Turkan-i-Chihalgani) as he regarded it necessary to restore the powers of the Sultan. He appointed Imad-ul-mulk as his Diwan-i-ariz to look after the recruitment, salary and equipment of his troops and made him free from the control of the vazir so that he felt no shortage of funds. In 1266, when Balban became sultan, his cousin Sher khan Sunqar was incharge of troublesome Mongol infested Northwest province. The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate was the result of the propaganda activities that encouraged the religious and political changes in Arabia and Central Asia as a result of the establishment of Islam. After a period of imperialism, the sultanate’s power began to decline after the Timurid invasions and was later subsumed into the Mughal empire. - 33428132 His co-conspirator Qutlugh khan was transferred from Oudh to Bahraich. Balban's reign, according to Ziauddin Barani, was to install 'Fear of the governing power, which is the basis of all good government.' By 1255, Jalaluddin failed to get backing of Mongols in getting his throne back. He was also governor of Hansi and Rewari. This frustrated plan of Kishlu Khan and Jalaluddin. When he himself became the Sultan, he used every means to achieve this aim. Balban had several military achievements during his vizierhood, first raising the Mongol siege of Uchund… 3. Firstly, that the monarchy was divinely ordained and, secondly, that it was necessary for the Sultan to be a despot. This infuriated Balban. Kishlu khan, relative of Balban and governor of Nagor, became dissatisfied with Balban as he wanted to acquire the control of Multan and Sindh. He kept Turkish Nobles, Rajput kings and Mongols under control even with empty treasury. Your email address will not be published. Even innocent women and children were not spared. Balban was shrewd politician. Copyright © 2020 History of Indian Subcontinent - Powered By, Ghiasuddin Balban- Consolidated Power of Delhi Sultanate. All these measures, certainly, helped in restoring the prestige of the Sultan and added glamour to his personality. Professor K.A. He moved his army their and killed most of Rebel zamindar. selfstudyhistory.com They had to control the resources of the country because (Both had important bearing on the nature… He sent them out of capital to dangerous mission. However Multan and Lahore could not be brought under the effective control of Delhi due to presence of Mongol in Afghanistan. Balban’s Theory of Kingship and Restoration of the Prestige of the Sultan 2. On another occasion he declared that it was the King’s super-human awe and status which could ensure the people’s obedience. Balban was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate who expressed clear and firm opinion regarding the powers of the Sultan. Next year, Balban suppressed the revolts in Doab and Oudh. His younger brother became the governor of Nagor. Balban was loyal to Masud Shah and not involve in his murder. Answer: Alauddin Khalji brought the assessment and collection of land revenue under the control of the State.He ordered the measuring of land under cultivation in the Doab and on this basis, the land revenue would be … The ideal of kingship in the Delhi sultanate was derived from the Islamic world whereby the rulers claimed divine origin for themselves. Privacy Policy3. Then he came back to Delhi. Even when the news of the death of his eldest son, Muhammad was conveyed to him, he remained unmoved and carried on the routine adminis­tration though in his private apartment he wept bitterly. Balban immediately marched to Delhi with large army. The Administration and the Spy-System: Achievement # 5. So, Nasiruddin recommend Balban to be his Wazir in meeting with all the important Turkish nobles and all the nobles agreed with his recommendation. In 1949, he married his daughter to to sultan to cement his relationship with the sultan and received the title of viceroy or niab I mamlikat. Barani wrote that the people of Katehar never attempted rebellion afterwards. Balban’s grandfather was khan. There was no post of naib during his reign and the position of the vazir too had become quite insignificant. Within a year, with the support of Nobles, Balban was restored as Wazir. But Tughril Khan revolted in 1279 A.D., declared himself independent and assumed the title of Sultan Mughis-ud-din. To strengthen the Delhi Sultanate his first objective was to empower the Sultan. Mewatis, people living in south-west of Delhi, were also getting powerful and bold. He made reforms in law and order situation which resulted in increased tax revenue. He also reformed and reorganized the army. He knew that they were resourceful, ambitious and clever. Raihan got the governorships of Badaun. Balban didn’t have much resources to fight Mongols. Diwan-e-Mazlim. During second term as Wazir, Balban adopted four strategies to consolidate his power-. Minister of Army was responsible for recruitment, training and equipment of army. Balban’s spy-system proved quite effective and was responsible for his success in administration. Balban was shrewd politician and pardoned his political enemy. For this purpose, he set up three markets at Delhi — one market for food grains, the second for costly cloth, and the third for horses, slaves and cattle. Next, Balban went to Katehar. Balban, of course, raised his own loyal nobles to higher ranks once he had finished the previous powerful ones but none of them was in a position to claim equality with him. Imaduddin Raihan was defeated and killed in battlefield. So, in this situation, Baldan ruled in an autocratic manner. On his plea, Balban cancelled his orders concerning the aged, the widows and the orphans and, thus, a useful measure was dropped. Answer: Delhi Sultanate was under constant threat from Mongols. He sold Balban to sultan Iltutmish. Sultan killed Tirmati khan for failing to defeat Tughril. Next year, in 1247, Balban lead an attacked against hindu zamindar of Doab region. In 1246, Balban started the new sultan reign with attack on Khokhar tribe and Mongols in Punjab. Northwest India was ravaged by Mongols. There was no arrangement for cash payment to the soldiers. “On either side of the principal bazar, in a street more than two miles in length, a row of stakes was set up and the adherents of Tughril were impaled upon them. Therefore, suppression of the revolt of Tughril Khan became a necessity. He built fort in Gopalgir. He killed thousands of Mewati males, enslaved women and burned their houses. He was bestowed upon with the title of ‘Sultan’ by the Caliph of Baghdad. Balban adopted both military and diplomatic measures. Suppression of rebellious Turkish Nobles by quickly defeating and beheading them. Who was Balban? The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). So, he devise a strategy to eliminate them or greatly reduced their power. Required fields are marked *. Balban reformed the army to increase its efficiency. 2. Soon, Jalaluddin fled to Afghanistan and ask for  protection from Mongol which he easily got. He said to his son Bughra Khan that Kingship was the embodiment of despotism. But he made sure that they are isolated from one other. He quickly rose through the ranks and became personal attendant to Iltutmish by 1236. He then succeeded in eliminating those who challenged him and kept a few loyal ones alive. He introduced the practices of Zaminbos and Paibos (prostrating before and kissing the king’s feet on the throne), appointed tall and fearsome guards who were to stand round the king’s person with naked swords and, except high nobles, ordered the rest to remain standing in the court. But, it has also not to be forgotten that Balban made justice a tool in his hands to destroy the power and prestige of ‘the forty’. They are: 1. None of the beholders had ever seen a spectacle so terrible, and many swooned with terror and disgust.” Balban appointed his son, Bughra Khan as governor of Bengal and advised him to remain loyal to the Delhi Sultanate. One of the spy in badaun failed to report about Malik Baqbak, he was immediately hanged. After the reorganization and reforming his government and army, Balban was ready to crush his opponents.His first target was Mewati people surrounding Delhi, which he failed to crush as a Wazir. Besides, Balban gave shelter to all foreign scholars and nobles and named their residences in the name of their country or family because of which he was regarded as the protector of Muslim culture. Balban then returned to Lakhnauti and inflicted a terrible punishment upon Tughril’s followers. The most serious problem which he faced soon after his succession was the restoration of law and order in Delhi and other parts of his kingdom. The governor of Badaun, Malik Baqbaq, who had beaten one of his slaves to death, was flogged publicly. Therefore, certain serious defects remained in the organisation of the army. So, he came back to India and asked his cousin brother and sultan Nasiruddin for forgiveness. Balban moved his army to Oudh and Qutlugh fled to Sirmur Hills. Suppression of dissatisfied Turkish nobles by giving them to distant and difficult to govern provinces. He adopted many ceremonies of the Persian court. All these measures ensured peace within his kingdom. He gave the new State a capital, Delhi, a monarchical form oil government and a governing class. The nobles of the Delhi Sultanate next put on throne Sultan Iltutmish’s youngest son, Nasir-ud-din Mahmud. There he adopted semi-barbaric measures to strike terror among the people. Instead like previous rulers, they were assigned lands. He never expressed unusual joy or sorrow in public. Balban made his mind to crush resistance of zamindar. However, instead of coordinating, they quarreled with one another. Kishlu khan got governorship of Multan with instructions to protect area from Mongol. Many old men and widows appealed for mercy to his friend Fakhr-ud-din, the Kotwal of Delhi for mercy who, in turn, pleaded mercy for them to Balban. He set up strongholds in the region and gave instruction to each garrison commander to crush any rebellion. Balban died in 1287. Sultan accepted his resignation and made him governor of Hansi. The early period of the Delhi Sultanate came to an end in 1290 when Balban’s son, Bughra Khan, refused the throne and Malik Firuz Khalji overthrew Balban’s teenage grandson, Kaiqubad. What step»did he take to consolidate the Sultanate? Imad-ul-mulk proved a competent and loyal officer and he, certainly, provided Balban useful service in organising an efficient and well-equipped army. When Balban came to know about the conspiracy and sultan’s displeasure with him, he immediately offered to resign from the post of Wazir. Hindu chief of Gangetic plains were getting aggressive.Anti-Social element made life of ordinary citizen miserable due to lack of leadership at top. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about history. Kaiqobad (1287—1290 A.D.): Balban wanted to make his eldest son Muhammad his successor but the” premature death of […] Balban owed his success largely due to an efficient organisation of his spy- system. He made reforms in law and order situation which resulted in increased tax revenue. But once he became sultan, he started taking actions to eliminate problems. lltutmish succeeded Qutb-ud-din Aibak as the sultan. Tughril defeated Amin Khan in battlefield. He has described instances of punishment of highly placed nobles as examples of upholding justice by Balban. Content Guidelines 2. He increased vigilance to bring law and order situation under control. He never came to the court without complete regal dress and never laughed or gave a smile. Balban and his family fell in the hand of Mongols when he was still very young.He was sold into slavery by Mongol to Jamaluddin of Basara. He appointed spies (Barids) to watch the activities of his governors, military and civil officers and even that of his own sons. He courageously defended Northwestern province and prevent Mongol from establishing any foothold in that area. In 1249, Balban attacked but failed to capture Kalinjar. The foreigners were simply stunned by the glamour of his court. Thus, Balban, a member of ‘the forty’ himself brought about the destruction of that group which had grabbed the power of the state from the weak hands of the successors of Iltutmish. Kai Khusrau, young son of prince Muhammad became supervisor of Northwestern provinces of Lahore, Multan Uchh... 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