After completion of his studies in 1743, Witherspoon was ordained and started his ministry at Beith, Scotland. Perhaps it would give offense if I should say, it is an absurdity reserved for American legislatures; no such thing having ever been attempted in the old countries. . John Witherspoon PRINCETON; 1776 John Witherspoon (1723–1794). How does free enterprise operate? . ( … Russell T. Hitt (ed.) One of the essential conditions of a lawful contract, and indeed the first of them, is, that it be, "Thus we know, that in cities, in case of a fire, sometimes a house, without the consent of its owner, will be destroyed to prevent the whole from being consumed. to the "Connecticut Act": "Sir, it is a wise maxim to avoid those things which our enemies wish us to practice . Witherspoon began attending the University of Edinburgh at age fourteen. Accordingly we found in this country, and every other society who ever tried such measures found, that they produced an effect directly contrary to what was expected from them. Freedom guided Witherspoon’s economic beliefs. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except for material where copyright is reserved by a party other than FEE. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic: Catholicism in American … An estimated $200 million of paper money had been issued by 1781. Besides urging individuals to seek their eternal welfare, he emphasized individual responsibility in the present, temporal life: "I exhort all who are not called to go into the field to apply themselves with the utmost diligence to works of industry. 451 0 obj <> endobj He traced most economic difficulties to the conflict between freedom and coercion. 49:23), to "protect the church of our common Lord without giving the preference to any denomination of Christians above the rest" (C-6.129). John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic: Catholicism in American Culture - Ebook written by Jeffry H. Morrison. "6, "Hence it may be seen, that the resolution of the question, whether it is proper to have paper money at all or not, depends entirely upon another, viz. The production of commodities must be the effect of industry, inclination, hope, and interest. "To fix the prices of goods, especially provisions in a market," he wrote, "is as impracticable as it is unreasonable.". Industry, therefore is a moral duty of the greatest moment, absolutely necessary to national prosperity, and the sure way of obtaining the blessing of God.”, "This certainly implies not only abstaining from acts of gross intemperance and excess, but a humility of carriage, a restraint and moderation in all your desires .. . Another outstanding post by Bill Federer, what a gift Mr. Federer is to America!!!! True profits and income go down. Why should nations fear printed bills as legal tender? In 1768 he decided to come to America after being offered a position as president of the College of New Jersey (today Princeton University). Looking back upon the inflation of the war, he wrote in Essay on Money: "I observe, that to arm such bills with the authority of the state, and make them a legal tender in all payments, is an absurdity so great, that [it] is not easy to speak with propriety upon it. They are called in the technical language, Onerous contracts, where the proper and just value issupposed to be given or promised, on both sides. "It seems to me, that those who cry out for emitting paper money by the legislatures, should take some pains to state clearly the difference between this and the European countries, and point out the reasons why it would be serviceable here, and hurtful there. S�P�&� If it is necessary to force them, does not this system produce a most ludicrous inversion of the nature of things. D3�]9�s�/)�)��r��H���s���b�ӷb��-�:��w��k�m�v��`6���jý��ʿ���/�?�_��ei�S�dt:�$�G:Y��dʏ�d��7��!md���h����Ն��ֻ/�:N� C����S�f�°�P�t���!6��>˳�馍 �$vNr2國�(�#�z��j0��L6h^�٣�x陝�rn[��s�� pdWNF΋�9��W9����9^�D~�T۠����O���j>5�o�]���B��$ƿ�. 5Ibid., p. 232. How many instances are there of things, which, though a certain proportion of them is not only valuable, but indispensably necessary to life itself, yet which from their abundance have no commercial value at all.”, "Take for examples air and water. Witherspoon spoke to the average American on the occasion of the General Fast, a day of fasting and prayer. increases the price of industry and its fruits."5. John Witherspoon was born near Edinburgh, Scotland on February 5, 1723, into a ministerial family. The true patriot is the citizen who acts according to his own "free and unbiased judgment." If the gold and silver is indeed going away from us, that is to say, if the balance of trade is much against us, the paper medium has a direct tendency to increase the evil, and send it away by a quicker pace. Now nothing can be more radically unjust, or more eminently absurd, than laws of that nature."16. h��Zko۸���1E�R$EJ�vsS7�I�n�)��$�ʏ�r��_�%[��Ƕ�X\`[0��_sx�V)���H{RJ䁧���t"��Qy�Y��G^�\��r���!�b�I_B V(�Z��� MS����a,�(� �Г�,�J(Ğ2*��4�X�QL5�l��=#a��xY�1�U]��g�@�z��I+��Xb/ He went on to embrace the revolutionary cause. 1. People do not bring these to market, because they are in superabundant plenty. President of the College of New Jersey (Princeton University) Racial tensions were at a height, and the Civil Rights movement had given way to the Black Power movement. "¹ Speaking as a minister, Rev. Money is the medium of commercial transactions. Dr. Witherspoon is remembered mainly for his tenure as President of the College of New Jersey (Princeton) and for having been the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. . They show contempt for the average citizen—his sense of personal accountability, his intelligence, his self-reliance and discipline. By Ted Schroder ... John Witherspoon (1723-1794) was the sixth President of Princeton (the College of New Jersey), a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and from 1776 to 1782 a leading member of the Continental Congress. . Who, then, should regulate prices? Freedom was a matter for one’s soul as well as his daily bread. Describing himself as a "Jersey Farmer," Dr. Witherspoon advised the Commander-in-Chief that several states had already tried to set prices by law. According to an old story, the most fiery and compelling pro-independence speech at the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, came from the Rev. Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism, and while president of the College of New Jersey (1768–1794; now Princeton University), became an influential figure in the development of the United States' … Mr. Bearce is a free-lance writer in Houston, Texas. 244, 245. John Witherspoon was born in Scotland on February 5, 1723. 222-223. But if you make a law that I shall be obliged to sell my grain, my cattle, or any commodity, at a certain price, you not only do what is unjust and impolitic, but with all respect be it said, you speak nonsense; for I do not sell them at all: you take them from me. ... Constitution, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (as amended) and applicable federal and state laws. It is in your power by this means not only to supply the necessities, but to add to the strength of your country. Freedom for both the consumer and the businessman! Idleness is the mother or nurse of almost every vice; and want, which is its inseparable companion, urges men on to the most abandoned and destructive courses. 14Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris (eds. His distaste for printed bills was founded upon firm economic judgment, and he was ready to defend precious metals. . —John Witherspoon, 1776 He was a father figure to America’s Founding Fathers. �����ME� U�Y��o�`%�f2���+�l;�ʁvU�lʼV-�;��Rz�l�qy~~����g^���:��9ޕK�nC��ω�\� � �P$ l� Mr. Chen is a Chinese civil rights lawyer and activist who has been a persistent voice for freedom, human dignity, and the rule of law in his native country. . "There is not a single instance in history," declared Rev. Unfortunately, Witherspoon is largely forgotten today. . ", "It seems to me, that those who cry out for emitting paper money by the legislatures, should take some pains to state clearly the difference between this and the European countries, and point out the reasons why it would be serviceable here, and hurtful there. John Witherspoon was born into a ministerial family near Edinburgh on Feb. 5, 1723. Thus, the Princeton preacher applies the principle of voluntary action and personal choice to commercial enterprises: "Well! %%EOF That is to say, the person who offers any thing to sale, does it because he has it to spare, and he thinks it would be better for him to have the money, or some other commodity, than what he parts with; and he who buys, in like manner, thinks it would be better for him to receive the commodity, than to retain the money."17. Witherspoon came to the Colonies in 1768 to assume the presidency of the College of New Jersey, he brought with him his evangelical Christian faith and a profound intellect. And what will the crew of a ship at sea, whose water is nearly expended, give for a fresh supply?"4. An estimated $200 million of paper money had been issued by 1781. As society increases, the partition of employments is greatly diversified; but still the fruits of well directed industry, or the things necessary and useful in life are what only can be called wealth. Behind the different attempts at controlling prices was the staggering inflation. . You need to share this post with everybody you know including your Pastor! It is therefore as if you were to fill a vessel brimfull, making half the quantity water and the other oil, the last being specifically lightest, will be at the top, and if you add more water, the oil only will run over, and continue running till there is none left. Remember, laws are not almighty . We are faced with the same question. . john witherspoon was a presbyterian preacher John Witherspoon was born in Scotland in 1722. 4Ibid.,p. They are guided by a humanitarian spirit, but it is an idealism that ignores personal freedom and individual responsibility. Accordingly we found in this country, and every other society who ever tried such measures found, that they produced an effect directly contrary to what was expected from them. Not governmental social-planning, but personal responsibility! Politically active, Witherspoon was a delegate from New … Consequently, America had to fight both the British Army and the evils of inflation and price-fixing. ‘°Ibid., p. 225. And what will the crew of a ship at sea, whose water is nearly expended, give for a fresh supply? Serving as a member of Congress during the war, he spent fewer hours preaching from the pulpit. Gold, say others, as to intrinsic value, is not so good as iron which can be applied to many more useful purposes.”, "These persons have not attended to the nature of commercial value, which is a compound ratio of its use and scarceness. . Likewise, he saw that God meant for individuals to have political and economic freedom in the earthly life. In its place John Witherspoon and others affirmed the duty of civil magistrates, as "nursing fathers" (cf. "The evil is this: All paper introduced into circulation, and obtaining credit as gold and silver, adds to the quantity of the medium, and thereby . You are both buyer and seller, and I am the sufferer only.”9, "I cannot help observing that laws of this kind have an inherent weakness in them: they are not only unjust and unwise, but for the most part impracticable. Our problem lies in the fact that too many politicians believe themselves to be the only possessors of "sharp-sightedness." It is beyond the power of despotic princes to regulate the prices of goods . John Witherspoon in 1776, "in which civil liberty was lost, and religious liberty preserved entire. But do not mistake this, it is not carried on by general universal interest, nor even by well informed national interest, but by immediate, apparent, and sensible personal interest. 9Ibid., pp. 210. Is it agreed that all commerce is founded on a complete contract? Witherspoon, John. Without entering into the nicer distinctions of writers upon this subject, it is sufficient for me to say, that commerce, or buying and selling, is found upon that species of contracts that is most formal and complete. The individual’s "industry"—his daily labor or his business—might bring in more greenbacks, but their value will be shrinking. Rev. Witherspoon voted an emphatic "Nay!" But if you make a law that I shall be obliged to, "Perhaps I ought rather to have said that they cannot be directed by it, but they may be greatly counteracted; as people have naturally a strong disposition to resist force, and to escape from constraint. "13 Again, laying aside the specific topic of paper currency, we have a general admonition that should be heeded. TRUE RELIGION AND CIVIL LIBERTY. He obtained a solid education in grammar school and later completed a divinity degree at the University of Edinburgh. John Witherspoon, (second edition: Philadelphia: W.W. Woodward, 1802), Vol. ", Witherspoon voted an emphatic "Nay!" "Let us then begin," he says, "by considering what gave rise to money, and what is its nature and use? Industry, therefore is a moral duty of the greatest moment, absolutely necessary to national prosperity, and the sure way of obtaining the blessing of God.”19, "This certainly implies not only abstaining from acts of gross intemperance and excess, but a humility of carriage, a restraint and moderation in all your desires .. . Now nothing can be more radically unjust, or more eminently absurd, than laws of that nature.". "How absurd and contemptible then is the reasoning which we of late have seen frequently in print, viz, the gold and silver is going away from us, therefore we must have paper to supply its place. h�b```f``����� %� € ",l@�q�����D�.� ����Y�m`����a�����(�7��O0f�N8}�ͽ;��� a��mpy��w�5�Θ It is not uncommon to see a man who appears to be almost as stupid as a stone, and yet he shall be as adroit and dextrous in making a bargain, or even more so, than a man of the first rate understanding, who probably, for that very reason, is less attentive to trifling circumstances, and less under the government of mean and selfish views."18. Isa. Instead of producing moderation and plenty, they uniformly produced dearness and scarcity. John Witherspoon ollege General atalogue 2016-2017 John Witherspoon College • Rapid City, SD Bible-Anchored • Christ-Centered People-Focused • Kingdom-Driven . I must also observe, that there is in mankind a sharpsightedness upon this subject that is quite astonishing.”, "All men are not philosophers, but they are generally good judges of their own profit in what is immediately before them, and will uniformly adhere to it. The Witherspoon Society is a body of laypeople within the Presbyterian Church (USA) in existence since 1979 that is activist in liberal and progressive causes that takes its name from John Witherspoon. Money is itself a commodity. 481 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<98C1CAF76721AF49AD7E51FE627AA8B5>]/Index[451 78]/Info 450 0 R/Length 143/Prev 1618089/Root 452 0 R/Size 529/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream ", "Hence it may be seen, that the resolution of the question, whether it is proper to have paper money at all or not, depends entirely upon another, viz. If we limit one article, we must limit everything, and this is impossible. Witherspoon preached his sermon during the critical period of our War for Independence. We have our own government officials, educators, and socio-political writers who in "ignorance, without any bad intention," propose coercive measures in economic matters. Born February 5, 1723 (Gifford, Scotland) Died November 15, 1794 (Princeton, New Jersey) Protestant theologian, educator. The operation of political causes is as uniform and certain as that of natural causes. . View Actor-comedian John Witherspoon died in Los Angeles on Oct. 29, 2019. . 3I bid., p. 204. Unfortunately for the struggling Thirteen States, his astute views and timely admonitions were often rejected. What would one of those who were stifled in the black hole at Calcutta, have given to get but near a window for a little air? endstream endobj 452 0 obj <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>]/OFF[]/Order[]/RBGroups[]>>/OCGs[483 0 R 484 0 R 485 0 R 486 0 R 487 0 R 488 0 R]>>/Outlines 414 0 R/Pages 447 0 R/StructTreeRoot 432 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 453 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[36.0 36.0 648.0 828.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 454 0 obj <>stream State and Continental currency was almost worthless. John Witherspoon - John WitherspoonJohn Witherspoon was born near Edinburgh, Scotland on February 5, 1723 into a ministerial family. His death last month left a gaping hole in the fabric of American civil rights activism. Man’s temporal rights—"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"—were God-given. Without this it may be something else, and have some other binding force, but it is not a contract. His truly important contribution to American liberty and independence, though, was revealed by his stalwart labors as a member of the Continental Congress. to the "Connecticut Act": "Sir, it is a wise maxim to avoid those things which our enemies wish us to practice . "2 This excellent work gives hindsight, insight, and foresight into economic problems—the same problems faced by the United States in the 20th century. If therefore we yield up our temporal property, we at the same time deliver the conscience into bondage. But let any circumstances take place that render them rare, and difficult to be obtained, and their value immediately rises above all computation. ̎ ��� �lX��u)�D�/���� R�5ȴ�r ���m&F� �]��$����8�2@� }Z� Therefore every transaction in which money is concerned, by being given or promised, is strictly and properly speaking, a bargain, or as it is well called in common language, an agreement. Remember, laws are not almighty . John Witherspoon was a Scottish-American Presbyterian minister and a Founding Father of the United States. By "the price of industry and its fruits," Witherspoon meant the higher costs for employment, land, tools, and business expansion. If therefore we yield up our temporal property, we at the same time deliver the conscience into bondage. . Congressman John Lewis was a significant presence at the 1963 March. John Knox Witherspoon (February 5, 1723 – November 15, 1794) was a Scots Presbyterian minister and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Jersey. Witherspoon does not speak of a need for government compulsion in commerce: "Among all civilians, the transactions of commerce are ranged under the head of contracts. . The Weiquan movement is a non-centralized group of lawyers, legal experts, and intellectuals in China who seek to protect and defend the civil rights of the citizenry through litigation and legal activism. Commerce is excited, directed, and carried on by interest. "10, Witherspoon insisted that "tender laws, arming paper, or any thing not valuable in itself with authority are directly contrary to the very first principles of commerce." 783-784. Freedom of exchange! Without entering into the nicer distinctions of writers upon this subject, it is sufficient for me to say, that commerce, or buying and selling, is found upon that species of contracts that is most formal and complete. "14, General Washington also heard from the New Jersey sage on the evils of price-fixing. Monetary considerations aside, Dr. Witherspoon’s observation points to one of the problems still facing the American economy. He signed the Declaration of Independence, participated in the Continental John Witherspoon was born in 1723 in Gifford, a small village near Edinburgh. He went to the University of Edinburgh at the age of 13 and got his Master of Arts in 1739 and his degree in divinity 4 years after. Martha Lou Stohlman, John Witherspoon —Parson, Politician, Patriot (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1976). Looking back upon the inflation of the war, he wrote in, "I observe, that to arm such bills with the authority of the state, and make them a legal tender in all payments, is an absurdity so great, that [it] is not easy to speak with propriety upon it. Like John Adams and Patrick Henry, he was an outspoken Patriot, advocating independence from Great Britain. What would one of those who were stifled in the black hole at Calcutta, have given to get but near a window for a little air? Habits of industry prevailing in a society not only increase its wealth, as their immediate effect, but they prevent the introduction of many vices, and are intimately connected with sobriety and good morals. Academic Requirements. Varnum Lansing Collins, President Witherspoon, 2 vols. %PDF-1.6 %���� The actor co … Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998). They reject Wither-spoon’s faith that men are "good judges of their own profit." 2The Works of the Rev. John Witherspoon clip from his DVD YOU GOT TO COORDINATE This is how u act like wen u get hit in a head with a billy stick The Witherspoon Society is a body of laypeople within the Presbyterian Church (USA) in existence since 1979 that is activist in liberal and progressive causes that takes its name from John Witherspoon. increases the price of industry and its fruits. Elected in 1776, he served his last term in 1782. . . It is beyond the power of despotic princes to regulate the prices of goods . ", "Well! As a student of the Scriptures, he recognized that God did not compel men to accept Him. (second edition: Philadelphia: W.W. Woodward, 1802), Vol. His sermon, "The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men," touched upon both man’s spiritual and earthly needs. Applicants qualifying for Unconditional Admission to John Witherspoon College must meet two of the following academic criteria: 22 ACT/1020 SAT (combined critical reading and math scores); 72 CLT score; 5 Core GPA; Top 50% of graduating class; Applicants who qualify for Unconditional Admission must have a minimum of 18 ACT/860 SAT (combined … The true patriot today is one "who guides his affairs with discretion." c� A#"�^g���2@��a��=2Z͇/��;����u ;C��Y��� ��=8�1�5�a7c`x�*İ����0�Λ� ���p(�a`y�-���A�@� P(����?5���'�� �A�� F :�3$�@�L�લ$�.�b���p�"�� jN �n�1 They are called in the technical language, Freedom guided Witherspoon’s economic beliefs. This document asserted popular sovereignty and inherent natural rights, but confined the doctrine of equality to the assertion that 'All men are created equally free and independent.' u�����U3X��q�,R��H}�wٴ3]d��~V,JZ�zhk+�h��JD*��?�\w �˛�e��P�ZP��T�1S����9P�2u�Ի/��4�%(f ���-�T�wN׽�%�Ă��1��rz&�غ��F=��J�~P�D��9��:]�}C�둇A��,[%��`j��TȺ�{(G��H/l��˕�H�w�εr+��ʹ��U�%W�e��_�l "Experience," he warns, "has every where justified the remark, that wherever paper is introduced in large quantities, the gold and silver vanishes universally. It is not uncommon to see a man who appears to be almost as stupid as a stone, and yet he shall be as adroit and dextrous in making a bargain, or even more so, than a man of the first rate understanding, who probably, for that very reason, is less attentive to trifling circumstances, and less under the government of mean and selfish views. Today we call it inflation. ", "How absurd and contemptible then is the reasoning which we of late have seen frequently in print, viz, the gold and silver is going away from us, therefore we must have paper to supply its place. h$��K��xc��F*��Ԫ[��Ȁ��}�J_A�HK%���n��JJY�1�,��3�P�I�B�S\�ɤi�"zp)� �:��F���9��a~�U�:{�e��B�_�ϵ�D�N���t4g�kOz��lTWx���Y?P1Պߓ�%D|'BBY��>>���$�{��i1I�OO����݁x�H�S2�m>+�Uᬄ�8~�vN �"O')�Ы"�J�*o��+�)[�ҿz�OO��z�A���H�l6y2�$z�l��������T'�+����dˠ�㓡'�YǻJ�E*Ά�����ۋo�m��W�e�� �b6wF7U���P����x�Ϛ��&ն�F �n��,FX/���&�iv}S�� E�&)��rOtā芞x!�b ſ�+1�ű8��L����HD2���"��ť�,� i��We].�e1�Y���&�D�E*��8Y܈��(O&�J\���?�'�������4������L����3�@n��H'�kx1OF�(�R|_�7q+� O�(�e�~�\/p�1Z̾}ؗZy�*�C„^ۏ����)̐����G�^?̖�۳d����l9�e�g���:Oi-�t��]�i�� They are an attempt to apply authority to that which is not its proper object, and to extend it beyond its natural bounds; in both which we shall be sure to fail. When proposals for price-fixing came up, he protested vigorously —both in speech and print. Vol. John Witherspoon.1 Though the story is apocryphal, it illustrates the patriotic leadership of this Presbyterian minister and the level of respect accorded him by his generation. "It is likely some will say, What is the intrinsic value of gold and silver? The first of these is very imperfectly reached by authority, and the other three cannot be reached by it at all.”, "Perhaps I ought rather to have said that they cannot be directed by it, but they may be greatly counteracted; as people have naturally a strong disposition to resist force, and to escape from constraint. Heroic Colonial Christians (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1966(. He traced most economic difficulties to the conflict between freedom and coercion. State and Continental currency was almost worthless. As a rugged Scotsman by birth, Rev. It has been found, by the experience of ages, that money must have a standard of value, and if any prince or state debase the metal below the standard, it is utterly impossible to make it succeed.”, "Let us examine this matter a little more fully. A merchant ship, the SS John Witherspoon, saw service during the second world war. (New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969). Witherspoon understood the stability of gold just as he saw the weakness of paper. . IV, p. 203. To give, therefore, authority or nominal value by law to any money, is interposing by law, in commerce, and is precisely the same thing with laws regulating the prices of commodities, of which, in their full extent, we had sufficient experience during the war. The featured image is a detail from John Witherspoon (1794) by Rembrandt Peale (1778–1860), after a painting by Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827), and is in the public domain, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Liberty was in the balance—would Americans be ruled by oppressive government authority or would they be free to accept their just right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"? The buyer and seller themselves, without interference from politicians! ¹5Works (2nd edition: 1802), op cit., pp. Regrettably, "many of the advocates for such laws, and many of those who are instrumental in enacting them, do it from pure ignorance, without any bad intention."¹¹. Father in the fabric of American civil rights … john Witherspoon was a Presbyterian preacher john Witherspoon was born Edinburgh! Gaping hole in the `` Friday '' films spirit, but it beyond! Who guides his affairs with discretion. philosophers, and he was to... Edinburgh at age fourteen only five of them survived he memorably played Ice Cube s! Intelligence, his intelligence, his self-reliance and discipline the average American on the evils john witherspoon civil rights.... 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