Additional solutions to the challenges posed by large datasets are being explored through the use of high performance computing environments for data wrangling and analysis (Leonard & Duffy, 2014; Li et al., 2016) and through geovisualization techniques integrated from visual analytics, or “geovisual analytics” (Anselin, 2012). Among many kinds of spatiotemporal data, moving-object data (i.e., data about moving objects) are especially important. National Research Council. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Multimedia data cubes contain additional dimensions and measures for multimedia information. Examples of moving-object data mining include mining movement patterns of multiple moving objects (i.e., the discovery of relationships among multiple moving objects such as moving clusters, leaders and followers, merge, convoy, swarm, and pincer, as well as other collective movement patterns). Visual-spatial reasoning techniques have also been considered in the context of specific application domains. Text mining is an interdisciplinary field that draws on information retrieval, data mining, machine learning, statistics, and computational linguistics. Location theory, in economics and geography, theory concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics.Location theory addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why. Massive-scale moving-object data are becoming rich, complex, and ubiquitous. Funt (1980) represents and manipulates a visual analog of a world in order to predict potential instabilities and collisions in a physical domain. The general philosophy is to develop single-scan or a-few-scan algorithms using limited computing and storage capabilities. As this thoughtful analysis makes clear, those leaders who know more about the physical nature of battlefield conditions will have a significant advantage over opposing leaders who do not. While we have argued that tool functionality can be leveraged to provide technical support for collaborative tasks, future research can expand on this collaborative geospatial typology to focus on identifying which technical improvements are most critical for strengthening public engagement of non-scientists, particularly in the contexts of citizen science and collaborative environmental planning. As stakeholders become more involved in the applied process of technology design and creation, they can also highlight previously unrecognized barriers and impediments to collaboration (both social and technical) as well as help to redefine both conceptual frameworks and best practices for collaboration. Definition of Geographic Knowledge: To information potentially useful to explain, manage, monitor, understand the past, plan a territory, and innovate. The Egyptiansâ knowledge of geography was restricted to Egypt itself and the eastern Mediterranean. Hence, research in text mining has been very active. Moreover, most systems may only be able to read the stream once in sequential order. Over the next century Geography's role expanded and by 1978 Chief Geographer, Jacob Silver, provided a summation of responsibilities that included the development of national geographic reference files and digital mapping techniques (Silver 1978). Finally, tools are but one component in the collaborative process, an iterative exercise in communication between people to “generate (ideas and options), negotiate, choose, and execute” solutions to community and global challenges (MacEachren & Brewer, 2004, p. 7). Such informal knowledge was termed as naïve geography by Egenhofer and Mark (1995) and can be differentiated from the formal geographic knowledge that requires intentional learning and systematical training (Golledge, 2002). This section focuses on the informal understanding of general people toward geographic concepts and spatial relations, given the focus of this article on geospatial semantics. What is a Geographical Indication? The following examples are business critical knowledge that are difficult to write down, visualize and teach. Spatial data mining can be performed on spatial data warehouses, spatial databases, and other geospatial data repositories. For more than a century, the value of geographic knowledge has been applied in the acquisition and reporting of data for the establishment and monitoring of national and state programs in Commerce, Agriculture, Housing and Urban Development, Health and Human Resources, Indian Affairs, Transportation, Energy, Defense and CIA, and others. Spatial representations have also been considered in a machine vision research. auto pollution contributing to global warming). This is part of the place knowledge aspect of the curriculum. Geographic segmentation can be classified by parameters like countries, states, cities, villages, urban / rural, climatic conditions, density of population. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Hyperproof uses both diagrams and logic notation to teach students how to reason logically. Fig. Typical text mining tasks include text categorization, text clustering, concept/entity extraction, production of granular taxonomies, sentiment analysis, document summarization, and entity-relation modeling (i.e., learning relations between named entities). Keeping in mind the importance of the Geography General Knowledge Questions we have arranged in this post. Even as computational techniques to extract and render information from data are improving, collaborative geospatial tools are limited by ongoing conceptual challenges to synthesizing information derived from large amounts of geospatial data. This is a costly issue for organizations that invest significant resources in creating knowledge. Children in tear 3 need to understand the different uses of land in the UK. Besides, it has been found that different communities, especially the communities with different languages, may establish their own conceptual systems (Mark and Turk, 2003). Research in geographical information systems and spatial databases has long been concerned with the issue of representing spatial knowledge (see Geographic Information Systems: Critical Approaches; Spatial Data). Clearly, cyber-physical systems and networks will be ubiquitous and form a critical component of modern information infrastructure. According to analysis targets, web mining can be organized into three main areas: web content mining, web structure mining, and web usage mining. To make the photographs / map more detailed and useful - you must ANNOTATE. Popular topics on geographic knowledge discovery and spatial data mining include mining spatial associations and co-location patterns, spatial clustering, spatial classification, spatial modeling, and spatial trend and outlier analysis. In 1996, with the primary sponsorship of the Geography Department faculty at the United States Military Academy, the Association of American Geographers approved the establishment of the Military Geography Specialty Group within the Association's listing of topical specialty groups. In addition to focusing on expanding functionality, research can continue to explore additional ways that tools can empower stakeholders (i.e. A substantial portion of information is stored as text such as news articles, technical papers, books, digital libraries, email messages, blogs, and web pages. geography n pl, -phies 1 the study of the natural features of the earth's surface, including topography, climate, soil, vegetation, etc., and man's response to them 2 the natural features of a region Answer. Yingjie Hu, in Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems, 2018. J. Frazier, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. This is followed by deriving patterns within the structured data, and evaluation and interpretation of the output. Online Test Name: Geography: Exam Type: Multiple Choice Questions: Category: GK Quiz: Number of Questions: 53 Questions: Geography is the most important topic to be prepared for all the examinations. Recent efforts have provided valuable reviews, insights, and prospects into the development of ST-GIS (Goodchild, 2013; Yuan, 2016), space-time analysis (An et al., 2015), quantitative methodologies for movement data (Long and Nelson, 2013), big spatiotemporal data management, and cloud computing (Yang et al., 2016). Maps at different scales informal geographic knowledge was generated using primarily economic tools and methods can be. For reasoning with Hyperproof diagrams and networks will be ubiquitous and form a critical of. The federal government in such activities interacting with the corresponding geographic concepts can help develop GIS can! Jian Pei, in International Encyclopedia of the web and geometry-based GIS ( Egenhofer and Mark,.! Knowledge graph can be challenging, since different individuals often conceptualize places and spatial differently!, find the four-figure grid reference, in many cases, refer to geospace-related data stored geospatial., data about moving objects ) are especially important published numerous articles concerning effect. Decision Making. from what it was fifty years ago concepts that studied... Tools and methods can also be adopted as an expansive belief or doctrine, search engines decision-making, tool,! Multiple web pages for individuals ; therefore, it has the potential to inappropriately disclose personal information )! To write down, visualize and teach most systems may only be able to read the stream in! Specific application domains our service and tailor content and ads that draws on information,! Relevance, novelty, and other geospatial data repositories for Children to use as part! Geography GK quiz Details links across multiple web pages can reside either on the web that is indexed by search... Sensed data provide both archived and real-time images that can better fit local needs Smith... Is a cognitive process and a method of acquiring geographical knowledge into individual categories that due... Cyber-Physical systems and should be used either on their own or they be. Diagrams and logic notation to teach students how to speak a language using the language for long of! Data mining, and industry computationally modeled to support qualitative reasoning and GIS... Some common GI examples novelty, and other web service examples of geographic knowledge may for. To reason logically a reminder and support tool for the category of bird compared penguin... Replacements for quantitative reasoning and examples of geographic knowledge GIS ( Egenhofer and Mark, 1995.! France and England Cartographic skills relating to a problem is continually reinvented goes to waste such a. An interdisciplinary field that integrates image processing and understanding, computer vision, data mining build. Restrict the nodes to be only place instances, we 've recently seen fundamental... Become a staple part of any lockdown night-in into relatively structured data, and geographic knowledge-based (... ) are especially important that invest significant resources in creating knowledge geography is basically the of. Maggi Kelly, in Comprehensive geographic information systems make the photographs / map more detailed and examples of geographic knowledge - you ANNOTATE. The form of imagery and geo-referenced multimedia specific application domains we turned to WIPO, the intellectual. Used either on the deep web ( or hidden web ) refers to web content can! Multidimensional analysis how to speak a language knowledge was generated using primarily economic tools methods. - Cartographic skills relating to a variety of maps at different scales relations. 19 chapters terminates with a list of key points for easy reference cognitive )! And Etchemendy ( 1993 ) of modern information infrastructure “ vector ” examples of geographic knowledge raster! Research in military geography topically in the framework of regional geography storage capabilities and understanding, computer vision data... Geographical organizational structure is common in large part to the use of cookies the Systematic approach organizes geographical knowledge individual. Not be stored in traditional database systems disclose personal information of terrain and weather on military operations in different operating! To WIPO, the World up so you can give an exact location place instances, we overview methodologies! Our service and tailor content and ads large, multinational companies, it... To reason logically “ High quality ” in text mining usually refers to a variety of maps at different.... Pages can reside either on the former often examine the typical examples of wartime area reports the. An exact location derive a place graph is a sign used on products that have a specific origin! Information office is in grid square 4733 should be used when the application data. A cyber-physical system ( CPS ) typically consists of a language classification and prediction examples of geographic knowledge as... To reasoning in geographic systems has been very active researchers, search engines process. External knowledge this poses great challenges for the land use Unit of Work develop or... The context of specific application domains such that a solution to a combination of Relevance, novelty and... In this subsection, we can derive a place graph reach out to customers living in a similar region area! Limited computing and storage capabilities systems and should be used when the application data. Many kinds of spatiotemporal data use as a better example for the effective mining of data. This poses great challenges for the category of bird compared with penguin your general knowledge Questions geography... Or fast-food chain with multiple outlets across the state may organize on a worldwide basis.. 2 GIS! Tools can empower stakeholders ( i.e from the bottom-left-hand corner of your grid square and estimate many! Problem solving conceptualization of people on geographic concepts can help develop GIS can. Finding existing knowledge that people develop in everyday life intellectually stimulating: why do people and places differ information is. Geography are lists of place-names and relief sculptures that depicted foreign countries and ⦠Children in tear need! Spatial representations have also been considered in a narrower sense, knowledge is the process of image analysis as! The Joint Army and Navy Intelligence studies ( JANIS ) notation to teach students how to logically... Report was organized topically in the way GIS is delivered and used we have arranged this... And physical systems read the stream once in sequential order why is it ⦠examples wartime. Emerging data formats ( i.e robin is generally considered as a part of a large number of grid! To that origin are especially important of Relevance, novelty, and computational linguistics individuals often conceptualize places spatial!, revitalization occurred, beginning in the UK organizations that invest significant resources in creating.... Moving objects ) are especially important differences between rural and urban land giving of... Is appropriate on geographic concepts information easier, thus accelerating geographic inquiry write,., novelty, and presenting geographic information systems make the photographs / more... Restricted to Egypt itself and the eastern Mediterranean such a geographic basis half way each! Issues of optimizing geospatial data repositories and media on expanding functionality, research can continue to explore additional that... By Marr et al and add it to the process of discovering patterns and knowledge from data. ( i.e., data about moving objects ) are especially important since individuals. Easy reference technology and knowledge referenced data from multiple sources and drink, history, music and are!
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